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**The discussion explores the construction of subjectivity among "Global South" nations in international relations, analyzing the implications of national subjectivity in the fields of political science and international relations, including national sovereignty and global influence. It points out that the global governance system faces a crisis of legitimacy, with the dominance of Western developed countries leading to the marginalization of "Global South" nations. Since the 1950s, "Global South" countries have made efforts to strengthen their subjectivity, guided by the Bandung Spirit, developing a collective identity and proposing global governance initiatives. The article examines the historical starting point, theoretical innovations, and pathways for realizing the construction of subjectivity among "Global South" nations, tracing their evolution from political independence to demands for equitable power structures and ultimately to collective participation in shaping international institutions.**

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**I. The Starting Point of Historical Awakening: The Bandung Spirit and the Construction of Political Subjectivity**

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**In the 1950s, national independence movements emerged across Asia, Africa, and Latin America, leading to the collapse of colonial systems. Newly independent nations faced dual challenges: eradicating colonial legacies and avoiding entanglement in U.S.-Soviet strategic competition. The 1955 Bandung Conference was the first international conference independently initiated by Third World nations, marking the transformation of Afro-Asian countries from "the oppressed" to "autonomous actors." The Bandung Spirit reinforced the political legitimacy of Afro-Asian nation-states, providing a foundation for the construction of political subjectivity in newly independent countries, inspiring national liberation movements, and accelerating the wave of decolonization. The Bandung Conference refined the global governance system, offering early conceptual frameworks for developing nations to autonomously participate in global governance, advocating for equality among nations, and shifting global governance discourse toward development and cooperation. The conference also advanced the construction of multilateral international mechanisms. Afro-Asian nations consolidated their political subjectivity by establishing multilateral cooperation frameworks such as the Non-Aligned Movement and the Group of 77, providing platforms for collective development and enhancing their capacity for political action.**

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**II. Theoretical Innovation: The New Narrative of the "Global South" and the Establishment of Structural Subjectivity**

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**This section discusses the significance of the collective rise of "Global South" nations amid international transformations, emphasizing its role as a modern continuation and evolution of the Bandung Spirit, offering new perspectives for international relations theory. It highlights how "Global South" nations have enhanced their structural subjectivity in the global power hierarchy by fostering a shared identity, promoting a shift from hegemonic power distribution to collaborative and consultative models. The section also analyzes the connections and distinctions between the "Global South," the "Third World," and "developing countries," underscoring the proactive role of "Global South" nations in reforming multilateral mechanisms and establishing new cooperative frameworks such as the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). Furthermore, it examines the rise of "Global South" influence and the expansion of the BRICS mechanism, particularly the collaboration among BRICS nations in economic, financial, and political domains, as well as the impact of the New Development Bank (NDB) in advancing local currency settlements and challenging the dominance of the U.S. dollar. Finally, the section emphasizes the structural leadership of China and India within the "Global South," fostering consensus through cooperation and strengthening the collective bargaining power of "Global South" nations in the international power structure.**

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**III. Pathways to Realization: The Global Governance Initiative and the Establishment of Institutional Subjectivity**

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**This section explores the transformation of "Global South" nations from passive subjects to active co-creators within the global governance system. International institutions are pivotal in resource allocation, power acquisition, and order-building, yet they are often dominated by developed nations, imposing constraints on "Global South" countries. These nations have realized that economic growth alone does not translate into institutional power; instead, participation in rule-making and proposing alternative frameworks are key to achieving subjectivity. "Global South" nations promote more inclusive and equitable international institutions through cross-regional collaboration. China’s Global Governance Initiative provides a practical pathway for "Global South" nations to achieve co-creation and shared benefits, emphasizing sovereign equality, the uniform application of international law, and multilateralism, with the goal of enhancing public participation and well-being in governance while preventing fragmentation.**

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**IV. Conclusion**

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**The Bandung Conference ignited the political subjectivity of Afro-Asian nations, fostering a collective consciousness among the "Global South" and symbolizing their struggle for equality within the international power structure. Political subjectivity provided "Global South" nations with a sense of collective identity and a foundation for action, enabling independent agency. Structural subjectivity underscores a nation’s influence within the international system, shaping structural shifts and power distribution. Institutional subjectivity stabilizes structural subjectivity, as nations gain long-term influence by shaping international rules. China plays a pivotal role in constructing the subjectivity of "Global South" nations by eradicating absolute poverty, advancing the Belt and Road Initiative, upholding multilateralism, and advocating for international fairness and justice, thereby steering the global order toward greater inclusivity and rationality.**

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